【翻譯練習】1889年，大英百科全書之「福爾摩沙」解釋
"Formosa." The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature.
作者：9th ed. Edinburgh: Adam & Charles Black, 1889
來源：http://cdm.reed.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/formosa&CISOPTR=1042&REC=1
FORMOSA, in Chinese Taiwan, a large island in the Pacific lying between what the Chinese call Nan-hai and Tong-hai, or the Southern and the Eastern Sea, and separated from the Chinese mainland by the strait of Fokien, which has a width of about 91 miles its narrowest part. It extends from121° 15' to 122° 5' E. long; Foki, its most northern point, lies in 25° 19', and its most southern, Lin-hai-shan or South cape, in 21° 54' N. lat.
福爾摩沙，中文名為「台灣」，太平洋上的一處大島，位於南海與東海之間，隔一海峽與中國福建省遙遙相望，海峽最窄之處有 91 公里寬。島橫幅東經 121 度 15 分至 122 度 5 分；最北端富基 (Foki)，北緯 25 度 19 分，最南端臨海山？(Lin-hai-shan) 北緯 21 度 54 分。
Its area is estimated at 14,978 square miles, or about half the size of Ireland. It forms part of the long line of islands which, in the words of Mr Bridge, are interposed as a protective fortification between the Asiatic coast and the broad expanse of the Pacific, and produces that happy immunity from the typhoon which is enjoyed by the ports of China from Amoy to the Yellow Sea.
福爾摩沙島面積估計14978平方英里(38792平方公里)，約為愛爾蘭島的一半大小，是環太平洋列島的一部份，亞洲沿岸及廣袤太平洋之間的保護屏障，為廈門一帶阻擋了颱風的襲擊。
A chain of mountains, called simply Ta-shan or Great Mountain by the Chinese, traverses the island form N. to S., and attains in several of its summits no inconsiderable elevation.
中國人所稱的「大山」？(Ta-shan)，是由南至北縱貫島嶼的山脈，其中有許多山頭，海拔高度不明。
The loftiest point is usually said to be Mu Kang-shan木岡山or the "Wooded Mountain," which has been named Mount Morrison by the English, "after the captain of one of the early vessels trading to Taiwan fu," and is said to be 12,850 feet in height; but it is not improbable that this estimate is too high, and that the range really culminates elsewhere.
據說「木岡山」(Mu Kang-shan) 為最高峰，英文常稱之「摩里遜峰」(Mount Morrison)，得名於一位商船船長 W. Morrison 首航福爾摩沙遙見其山勢獨特而命名。高度據稱 12,850呎 (3917 公尺)，但可能高估，且山脈的最高峰也可能位在別處。
Towards the north the English maps show a Mount Sylvia or Shan-chas-shan, 11,300 feet high, and a summit in the Middle, Western, or Dodds range 12,800 feet.
地圖往北細瞧，可見希爾維亞峰 (Mount Sylvia)，或「三叉山」(Shan-chas-shan)，高度 11300 呎 (3444 公尺)，中西部尚有一座高峰，名為「陶德山脈」(註：鹿場大山／樂山／加里山山脈)，高度 12800 呎 (3901 公尺)。
Be this as it may, Formosa, as far as its vertical relief is concerned, is divided into three regions, -- the mountains proper, the broad western versant with its alluvial plains, and the narrow eastern versant terminating in a high and precipitous coast.
依照福爾摩沙之地形起伏，可區分為三種地形：中央的山區、西部的遼闊丘陵及沖積平原、以及東部臨海的陡峭懸崖。
The formation of the island appears to have been due in part at least to volcanic agency; the Chinese accounts mention a mountain called Ho-shan or Fire Mountain, said to be a small volcano about 20 miles south of Kagee; and European explorers have described the jets of steam and sulphur-springs which occur among the calcareous rocks near Tam-sui. Coal, sulphur, and petroleum are the only mineral productions of Formosa which are known to exist in quantities sufficient to make them of economical importance.
本島的形成，部分歸因於火山作用：中國官方文獻提及有座小型火山位於嘉義以南約 20 哩處；歐洲探險家亦報告淡水鄰近的石灰岩地帶有蒸氣及硫磺泉湧冒。本島出產的礦藏僅有煤炭、硫磺、以及原油，含量足以支撐經濟命脈。
The principal coal-fields are in the north of the island, near Kelung and Tam-sui; and the coal is all shipped in Kelung harbour. Till 1877 mining operations were conducted after the simple Chinese fashion; but in that year Mr. Tyzack, an English engineer, engaged by the Chinese government, opened a pit with a regular shaft 300 feet deep, and all the necessary machinery and engines for the proper working of the mine. The bed of coal is 3 feet thick. The mineral is highly bituminous, and burns very fast, but can be used for steamers on short voyages. It is regularly employed by many foreign vessels, as well as in the Chinese men-of-war, and in the arsenal at Fuh-chow. In 1873, 45,000 tons were shipped in foreign ships; in 1874, 15,221 tons; in 1875, 27,665 tons; and in 1876, 31,593 tons. In the plains the soil is generally of sand or alluvial clay, covered in the valleys with a rich vegetable mould.
煤田主要集中於本島北部，雞籠及淡水之週邊，煤炭皆由雞籠港出口。1877 年前，人民仍使用中國式的陽春掘礦法；1877 年，英國技師翟薩 (Tyzack) 受聘前來，於本島開鑿一口 300 呎深的豎井，並引進採煤所需之機具器械。
煤床厚達 3 呎，煤炭含煙量高，燃燒十分迅速，可作為短程蒸氣火車頭的燃料之用，也常用於許多外國船隻與中國式槳帆船的燃煤`，並供應福州兵工廠所需的煤。
近四年之煤礦出口量為：1873 年，45000 噸；1874 年，15221 噸；1875 年，27665 噸；1876 年，31593 噸。
平原土質一般為沙質或沖積土，谷地則有豐富的腐植土。
As might be inferred from what has been already said, the streams that flow eastward are little better than torrents; but the western region is traversed by several rivers of moderate development– the Taiwanfu and Pakan rivers, the Black river, the Lokan, the Taika, the Heon-lang, the Tion-kan, the Tonk-shan, and the Tam-sui. Of these the Black river is the widest, but the Tam-sui or Tang-shui-khi alone is navigable, allowing sea vessels to proceed about 3 miles inland, and junks of considerable size about 10 miles farther. There is a fine lake 4 miles long by 2 broad called the Tsui-sia-hai, or Lake of the Water Savages, not far from Posia.
眾所皆知，西向東的溪流水勢湍激，與急流無異；而西部地區則由數條河川切割劃分：由南至北，台灣府，北港溪，濁水溪，鹿港，大甲溪，後壟溪，中港溪，鳳山溪，淡水河。濁水溪最為寬廣，淡水河則可供航行，大型船艦可從淡水河出海口向內航行 3 哩之遙，較大的戎克船甚至可航行 10 哩。埔社鄰近有一美麗湖泊，當地人稱之「水社海」或「水番之湖」，長 4 哩寬 2 哩。
The scenery of Formosa is frequently of majestic beauty; and to this it is indebted for its European name, happily bestowed by the early Spanish navigators. As seen from the eastern coast "the outline of the mountains is at once beautiful and fantastic; domes and peaks and wall-like precipices succeed each other in striking variety; a brilliant verdure clothes their sides, down which dash cascades that shine like silver in the tropical sunlight" (Bridge in Fortnightly Review, 1876).
福爾摩莎，景色壯麗，絕美無比，得感謝早期西班牙探險家賜予本島「福爾摩莎」如此充滿歐風之名。東海岸的景色，「山景美麗絕倫，峰巒層疊，懸崖起伏。林相茂密，飛瀑落於山間，如同熱帶陽光下的銀絲線。」(1876 年，Bridge於雙週刊 Fortnightly Review 報導)
The climate, though a tropical one, is agreeable and healthy, being tempered by the influences both of the sea and the mountains. According to the thermometric observations made at Kelung in 1874, the hottest months are June, July, August, and September, with an average from 81.76° to 82.81° F. In the shade and the coldest month is January, with an average of 57.70°. The thermometer almost reached 90° in the early part of July, and in January was frequently about 52° or 55°. For the same year the rainfall amounted to 118 inches, of which the most fell in January, February, March, and May.
本島屬熱帶氣候，舒適宜人，受惠於山與海的良好調節。1874 年基隆溫度測量顯示，六月至九月為最熱的月份，平均溫度為華氏 81.76° 至 82.81° (攝氏 27.6° 至 28.2°)；最寒冷的月份落在一月，平均溫度華氏 57.7° (攝氏 14.3°)。七月初溫度時常高達華氏 90° (攝氏 32.2°)，而一月氣溫常在華氏 52° 至 55° (攝氏 11.1° 至 12.8°) 之間擺盪。同樣在 1874 年，基隆年雨量為 118 英吋 (約 2997 毫米)，集中於一月、二月、三月、及五月。
The vegetation of the island is characterized by tropical luxuriance, -- the mountainous regions being clad with dense forest, in which various species of palms, the camphor-tree (Laurus Camphora), and the aloe are conspicuous. Mr Swinhoe obtained no fewer than 65 different kinds of timber from a large yard in Taiwanfu; and his specimens are now to be seen in the museum at Kew. The tree which supplies the materials for the pith paper of the Chinese is not uncommon, and Mr Pickering found the cassia tree in the mountains.
植物群落富含熱帶風貌，山區林相茂密蓊鬱，常見各種棕櫚、樟樹、蘆薈。英國領事史溫侯 (Swinhoe) 在台灣府一處大院中即採集了多達 65 種木材，目前展示於英國皇家邱植物園。蓪草紙的原料─通脫木，隨處可見。必麒麟 (Pickering) 曾在山中發現肉桂樹的蹤影。
Travelers are especially struck with the beauty of some of the wild flowers, more especially with the lilies and convolvuluses; and our European greenhouses have been enriched by several Formosan orchids and other ornamental plants. The pine apple grows in abundance.
探險家必定讚嘆野花之美，百合及牽牛尤其打動人心。數種本島出產的蘭花及其他園藝觀賞植物點綴了歐洲地區的溫室。鳳梨結實累累。
In the lowlands of the western portion, the Chinese have introduced a large number of cultivated plants and fruit trees. Rice is grown in such quantities as to procure for Formosa the title of the "granary of China"; and the sweet potato, taro, millet, barley, wheat, and maize are also cultivated. Sugar, tea, indigo, ground peanuts, jute, hemp, oil, and rattans are all articles of export, and some of them produce no inconsiderable trade.
本島西部的低地，中國人引進大量栽培作物及果樹。稻米豐收盛產，為本島贏得「中國糧倉」之美譽；此外亦有栽植番薯、芋頭、小米、大麥、小麥、玉米等作物。出口物產包括糖、茶、藍靛、花生粕 (花生榨油所留下之渣滓)、黃麻、大麻、油、藤，其中有些是相當重要的貿易作物。
The principal tea district is about Banka, but the area devoted to this valuable crop is rapidly increasing. A large part of the tea finds its way to America. In some parts of the island it is probable that coffee may grown with advantage.
茶葉為重要的經濟作物，產區主要集中在艋舺，不過其他地區種植茶葉有增加的趨勢。美國為茶葉的大宗出口國。本島某部分區域，咖啡有可能成為後起之秀。
The Formosan fauna has been but partially ascertained; but at least three kinds of deer, wild boars, bears, goats, monkeys (probably Macacus speciosus), squirrels and flying squirrels are fairly common, and panthers and wild cats are not unfrequent. A poisonous but beautiful green snake is often mentioned by travellers.
本島的動物群落仍有許多探索空間；目前已知的是，至少三種鹿、野豬、黑熊、山羊、猴類 (應為獼猴屬)、松鼠、飛鼠等皆為常見，雲豹和石虎也時常現蹤。探險家經常提及他們遇見一種有毒但美麗的青蛇。
Pheasants, ducks, geese, and snipenare abundant; and Dr Collingwood in his Naturalist's Rambles in the China Seas mentions Ardea prasinosceles and other species of herons, several species of fly-catchers, kingfishers, shrikes, and larks, the black drongo, the Cotyle sinensis, and the Prinia sonitans.
為數眾多的雉雞、鴨、鵝、鷸活躍於本島，柯靈烏 (Collingwood) 在其著作《一位自然學者在中國海岸與水域之雜記》提及 Ardea prasinosceles 及其他鷺種鳥類、數種鶲種鳥類、翠鳥、伯勞、雲雀、大卷尾、棕沙燕、及灰頭鷦鶯。
Dogs are kept even by the savages for hunting. The horse is hardly known, and his place is taken by the ox, which is regularly bridled and saddled and ridden with all dignity.
原住民豢養犬隻以狩獵。馬幾無出沒，牛取代馬的地位，權貴人士將牛配繩上鞍並騎乘。
The rivers and neighbouring seas seem to be well stocked with fish, and especial mention must be made of the turtles, flying-fish, and brilliant coral-fish which swarm in the waters warmed by the Kurosiwo current, that gulf-stream of the Pacific.
本島之河川與鄰海漁產豐富，當中尤其值得一提的包括海龜、飛魚，以及拜溫暖的太平洋黑潮洋流之賜，還可見到穿梭於珊瑚礁中的絢麗魚類。
Shell-fish form an important article of diet to both the Chinese and the aborigines along the coast – a species of Cyrena, a species of Tapes, Cytheraea petechiana, and Modiola teres being most abundant.
貝類是沿海中國人及原住民的主食之一，沿海盛產一種蛤蠣、一種淺蜊、一種扇貝？、一種蟶類。
The inhabitants of Formosa may be divided into three classes: -- the Chinese, many of whom have immigrated from the neighbourhood of Amoy and speak the dialect of that district, while others are Hakkas from the vicinity of Swatow; the subjugated aborigines, now largely intermingled with the Chinese; and the uncivilized aborigines of the eastern region, who refuse to recognize the Chinese authority, and carry on raids as opportunity occurs.
本島之住民可略分三種：
一、漢人：許多為廈門移居之閩南人，亦有從廣州汕頭而來的客家人；二、順服的原住民 ：多半已與漢人混居；三、東部地區未開化的原住民：拒絕服從漢人政權，伺機採取襲擊。
The semi-civilized aborigines, who have adopted the Chinese language, dress, and customs, are called Pe-pa-hwan ( Anglice……Peppo-hoans), while their wilder brethren bear the name of Che-hwan or green savages. They appear to belong to the Malay stock, and their language, according to Gabelentz's investigations in the Zeitschrift der Morgenländ. Gesellschaft, 1859, bears out the supposition.
半開化的原住民，說著漢人方言，身穿漢民服裝，表現漢人生活習慣，本島稱其為「平埔番」；兇悍野蠻的山地原住民則被冠上「生番」之名。德國語言學家甲柏連孜 (Gabelentz) 於 1859 年德國東方學會雜誌發表的調查報告中，推測二者應同屬馬來人血統。
(1) They are broken up into almost countless tribes and clans, many of which number only a few hundred individuals, and their language consequently presents a variety of dialects, of which no classification has yet been effected: in the district of Posia alone, says Dr Dickson, of the Presbyterian mission, there are "eight different mutually unintelligible dialects." Mr Corner of Amoy describes the people themselves as of "middle height, broad-chested, and muscular, with remarkably large hands and feet, the eyes large, the forehead round, and not narrow or receding in many instances, the nose broad, the mouth large and disfigured with betel."
原住民分為眾多部落及族系，其中有些人數僅有數百人；語言亦隨部落、族系而異，目前尚無有效分類系統。長老派教會的狄克森醫師表示，單在埔社一帶，即有「八種互異的難懂方言」。廈門的柯納 (Corner ) 描述原住民之外型特徵為「中等身高，胸膛寬廣，肌肉粗壯，手腳異常大，眼睛也大，額頭飽滿圓潤不窄縮，鼻寬，嘴闊，齒因嚼食檳榔而變色」。
The custom of tattooing is universal. In the north of the island at least, the dead are buried in a sitting posture under the bed on which they have expired. Petty wars are extremely common, not only along the Chinese frontiers, but between the neighbouring clans; and the heads of the slain are carefully preserved as trophies. In some districts the young men and boys sleep in the skull-chambers, in order that they may be inspired with courage.
原住民盛行刺青。目前所知在本島北部的原住民，亡者以坐姿埋葬於其斷氣時所躺的床下。零星戰事極常發生，除了發生在漢人的邊界上，鄰近之部族亦會撩起戰火，並取下被殺者的首級妥善保存，作為戰利品。某些地區的年輕男子及男孩眠臥於敵首棚中，他們相信如此能夠受到賜與勇氣。
Many of the tribes that have had least intercourse with the Chinese show a considerable amount of skill in the arts of civilization. The houses, for instance, of the village of Ka-fri-ang in the south are described by Rev. W. Campbell as "built of stone, tiled with immense slabs of a slaty kind of rock, and fitted up within with accommodation for sleeping comfortably as well as for cooking, and for storing up abundance of materials for personal and household use." Manchester prints and other European goods are in pretty general use; and the women, who make a fine native cloth from hemp, introduce coloured threads from the foreign stuffs, so as to produce ornamental devices. The 1 Compare lists in Journ. of Roy. Geog. Soc., 1873, and Collingwood’s Appendix. [original note] office of chieftain is sometimes held by women. Intermarriage between the Chinese and the natives is very common.
許多有與漢人來往的原住民部落，表現出極高的藝術造詣。甘為霖牧師曾經描述南部加蚌社 (Ka-fri-ang) 之房舍「石材搭建，覆以巨大石板，內部設有寢室、炊房、以及用來儲藏大量個人與家居用品的房間」。他們經常使用來自曼徹斯特的印刷物及其他歐洲國家貨品。原住民女性以大麻纖維織成了精緻土布，並在舶來品上穿以色線以製作飾品。漢人與原住民之間的通婚情形十分常見。
The Chinese portion of the island was till 1876 divided into the districts of Komalan, Tam-sui, Chang-hua, Kia-i, Tai-wan, Feng-shan, of which Komalan or Kapsiulangting was the only one on the eastern side; but the districts of Komalan and Tam-sui have been abolished, and a department of North Formosa established with three dependent magistracies.
1876 年前，本島的漢人行政區域分為噶瑪蘭廳、淡水廳、彰化縣、嘉義縣、鳳山縣，其中噶瑪蘭廳(蛤仔難廳)是唯一位於東部的行政區。噶瑪蘭廳及淡水廳於之後遭到廢除，本島北部則分為三個獨立的行政區域。
A highway runs from Bangka in the north to Pangliavu in the south. Beginning at the north we find the following places of importance: -- Kelung, the ancient Pe-Kiang, a treaty port in the neighbourhood of the mines; Tam-sui, or properly Howei or Hobay, also a treaty port with 100,000 inhabitants, on the harbour of the same name, which is formed by hills upwards of 2000 feet high and has a depth of 3 1/2 fathoms and a bar of 7 1/2 feet; Twa-tu-tia, about 13 miles up the Tam-sui River in a tea district, and possessing a population of 20,000; Mengka, Bangka, or Banca, a little higher up the river, one of the most flourishing commercial towns in the north, with 30,000 inhabitants; Teukcham or Teuxham, a walled town at the head of Tam-sui district, with a population of 40,000 inhabitants; Heong-san and Tiong-Kang, both near the coast; Oulan and Suikang, both inland; Changhwa the capital of a district, and the second city in the island, with population of 60,000 or 80,000; Chip-Chip, a large town inhabited solely by Chinese; Kagee, or Chin-la-san, and Ung-Kan-bay; Kok-si-Kong, with a small harbour; Taiwanfu, the capital of the island, with 30,000 inhabitants (or, according to another statement, 100,000), a treaty port, and the remains of the Dutch port of Zelandia; Takao or Takow, also a treaty port, in 22° 37' N. lat., 120° 16' E. long., to the south of Ape's Hill; Pataou or Pitau, a few miles inland, the Feng-shan-hsien of ancient documents; and Tang-Kang, a town of 20,000 inhabitants. Besides these there are many places of several thousands of a population, and the whole of the Chinese territory is dotted with villages and hamlets. The whole island is estimated to contain from one and a half to two million souls, the smaller number being probably nearer the truth. The Chinese influence is rapidly spreading, and the island is more and more attracting the attention of foreigners.
有一幹道自北部的艋舺直通南部的枋寮。由本島北部觀起，主要市鎮如下：
一、雞籠：昔稱「北港」，為一通商口岸，鄰近有採礦區。
二、淡水：或正式名稱「滬尾」，亦為通商口岸，人口約 10 萬人。港灣同名，鄰近山丘高 2000 呎 (620 公尺)，港灣水深 3.5 噚 (6.51 公尺)，沙洲 7.5 呎 (2.33 公尺)。
三、大稻埕：位於淡水河上溯約13哩(21公里)，處於茶葉種植區，人口約2萬人。
四、艋舺：位置略高於淡水河，北部最繁榮的商業區之一，人口3萬人。
五、竹塹：淡水廳的廳治所在，周圍築以城牆，人口4萬人。
六、香山、中港：皆靠海。
七、後壟、新港：位於內陸。
八、彰化：彰化為彰化縣城行政中心，亦是本島第二大城市，人口6萬至8萬人。
九、集集：主要為漢人居住的城鎮。
十、嘉義：又稱諸羅山，或茅港尾。
十一、國聖港：為一小型港灣。
十二、台灣府：本島之首都，人口 3 萬人 (一說 10 萬人)，現為通商口岸，荷蘭統治時期熱蘭遮城遺跡在此。
十三、打狗：亦為通商口岸，位於北緯 22 度 37 分，東經 120 度 16 分，據於猴山之南方。
十四、埤頭：離海數哩，古文獻記載為鳳山縣。
十五、東港：人口 2 萬人。
本島其他地區尚居有數千餘人，而漢人墾拓之地零星散布著各庄頭與小村莊。全島人口估計為 150 萬至 200 萬人，150 萬人應較接近現況。漢人影響力快速散播，本島亦逐漸受到外國人的矚目。
The island of Formosa must have been known from a very early date to the Chinese who were established in the Pescadores. The inhabitants are mentioned in the official works of the Yuan dynasty as Tung-fan or southern barbarians; and under the Ming dynasty the island begins to appear as Kilung.
早期定居於澎湖群島的居民應已知福爾摩沙島。元朝官方文獻已記載本島居民為「東番」或「南蠻」。明朝則將本島記錄為「雞籠」。
In the beginning of the 16th century it began to be known to the Portuguese and Spanish navigators, and the latter at least made some attempts at establishing settlements or missions. The Dutch were the first, however, to take footing in the island; in 1624 they built a fort, Zelandia, on the east coast, where has since risen the town of Taiwan, and the settlement was maintained for thirty-seven years.
葡萄牙及西班牙航海者於 16 世紀初已探知福爾摩沙島，西班牙人更有在島上進行殖民拓墾或是傳教活動。不過最早踏上這塊土地的卻是荷蘭人：1624 年，荷蘭人在東［應是西？］海岸修築熱蘭遮城，並且自此建立了台灣府城。荷蘭人統治時期維持了 37 年。
On the expulsion of the Ming dynasty in China a number of their defeated adherents came over to Formosa, and, under a leader called in European accounts Coxinga, succeeded in expelling the Dutch and taking possession of a good part of the island. In 1682 the Chinese of Formosa recognized the emperor Kanghi, and since then it has formed part of the empire. In 1714 the Jesuit mathematicians from the court visited the island.
中國當時為清朝統治，掃蕩殘存的明朝勢力，一部分擁護明朝王室者來到福爾摩沙，他們的領導者在歐洲文獻中稱為「國姓爺」，國姓爺成功驅逐荷蘭人，佔領了島上一部份的優良土地。1682 年，康熙派遣施琅攻台，台灣成為清朝領土。1714 年，清朝派遣耶穌會數學家前來台灣。(參考資料：http://distance.shu.edu.tw/taiwan/ch15/ch15_sec01.htm 天主教耶穌會傳教士 J. B. Regis、Jos. De Mailla、和 R.Hinderer 三人奉康熙皇帝之命來台灣，測繪地圖)
In 1782 occurred a most destructive storm, which laid the public buildings in ruins and wrecked twenty-seven of the imperial war-ships; and in 1788 there broke out a violent rebellion, which was put down only after the loss, it is said, of 100,000 (?) men by disease and sword, and the expenditure of 2,000,000 taels of silver. In the early part of the present century the island was principally known to Europeans on account of the wrecks which took place on its coast, and the dangers that crews had to run from the cannibal propensities of the aborigines, and the almost equally cruel tendencies of the Chinese. Among the most notable cases was the loss in 1842 of the British brig, "Ann," with fifty-seven persons on board, of whom forty-three were executed at Taiwan.
1782 年，一場毀滅性的風災來襲，公共建築成為廢墟，27 艘皇家戰艦遭到摧毀。1788 年，一場反叛動亂爆發 (林爽文之亂)，據說 10 萬人因疾病及刀劍而亡，且在動用 2 百萬銀兩後始平定動亂。本世紀 (19 世紀) 初，福爾摩沙之所以得名於歐洲各國，主要因為海岸邊發生的船難、船員倉皇逃離原住民的食人威脅、以及面對同樣兇殘蠻橫的中國人等等報導。英國雙桅帆船「安號」的船難事件最為有名，57 名船員中，43 名遭處死於台灣。
(參考資料：1. http://www.taiwancenter.com/sdtca/articles/8-11/5.html 2.泡茶走西仔反: 清法戰爭台灣外記-第117頁 )
By the treaty of Tientsin (1860) Taiwan was opened to European commerce, but Mr Swinhoe found the place quite unsuitable for a port of trade, and the harbour of Tam-sui was selected instead. Shortly afterwards a rebellion broke out, to which several of the Chinese authorities fell victims; and for some time the condition of the foreign settlers was rather precarious, while the trade of the new port was so small that it was proposed to relinquish the consulate.
根據 1860 年的天津條約，台灣 (安平港) 列入對歐洲的通商口岸，但史溫侯認為該處並不適合作為貿易港，因此之後另選了淡水港。不久之後爆發了一場動亂，數名中國官員慘遭殺害，居於本島的外國人也度過了一段動盪不安的時期，而新開港口的貿易範圍並未拓展，以至於必須交出領事權。
In 1865 Dr Maxwell of the English Presbyterian Church established a medical mission first at Taiwan and afterwards at Takao; and the organization thus originated comprised in 1877 thirteen churches among the Chinese, and as many among the aborigines of the southern provinces, with upwards of 1000 baptized converts and 3000 attendants at worship.
1865 年，馬雅各醫生受英國長老教會之差派來到台灣，先後在台灣 (註：今之安平) 及打狗進行醫療宣教；1877 年，由此而成立的機構之下管轄有 13 座漢人區域的教會，而許多南部地區的原住民亦有信教，受洗改信者超過 1000 人，參與祈禱會者超過 3000 人。
(參考資料：http://pojbh.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/script/about-8.htm)
The northern provinces are in the hands of the Presbyterian Church of Canada, which commenced its operations in 1872, and had nine stations in 1877. A Roman Catholic mission has also been in existence in the island since 1859.
北部地區的傳教工作則為加拿大長老派教會於 1872 年發端主持，1877 年已有 9 處據點。1859 年起，亦有出現羅馬天主教會的宣教活動。
In 1867 the United States consul at Amoy made a treaty with Tok-a-Tok, a chief of the aborigines of the southern part of the island, by which the safety of foreigners was secured in that district. An attack made on the Protestant and Roman Catholic mission at Feng-shan-hsien in 1868 led the British consul to authorize the occupation of Fort Zelandia and Amping by Colonel Gordon; but his action was afterwards disapproved by the home Government, and the indemnity demanded from the Chinese restored.
1867 年，駐廈門的美國領事與本島南部一名原住民頭目卓杞篤(Tok-a-Tok) 達成協議，確保該區的外國人安全受到保障。1868 年，鳳山縣發生民眾攻擊新教與羅馬天主教傳教士的事件 (註：鳳山教案)，使得英國領事授權戈登上校佔領熱蘭遮城及安平港。然而英國政府並不認同此次佔領行為，並給予清廷所要求的賠償。
In 1872 the crew of a Japanese vessel shipwrecked on the coast being murdered by the savages, the Japanese Government sent an expedition to punish the assassins, and a war between China and Japan would have been the consequence if Wade the English ambassador had not succeeded in bringing them to terms, -- China agreeing to pay 500,000 taels as compensation to the friends of the murdered men and to purchase the houses, &c., erected by the Japanese, and the Japanese on their side withdrawing their troops and giving up all claims to occupation.
1872 年，日本船隊在本島海岸發生船難，船員遭原住民襲殺，日本政府派出遠征隊採取報復性懲罰 (註：牡丹社事件)，幸有英國駐清大使威綏瑪居中調停，才免於清廷與日本爆發戰爭。二國簽定協議，清廷得支付五十萬海關兩作為受難家屬撫恤金及日方在番地所做的建設補助款項，日方則需撤退軍隊，放棄佔領行動。(參考資料：http://studwww.nou.edu.tw/~tainan/writer/d08208.htm)
According to Mr Hewlett's report for 1872, the political state of the island is very bad; the officials classes, he says, have a proverb "every three years an outbreak, every five a rebellion," and the reason of this instability is to be found in their own rapacity and glaring violations of justice.
根據惠列 (Hewlett) 於 1872 年的報導，本島政局十分動盪，官方有一俗諺稱「三年一小反，五年一大亂」，造成如此不安局勢的原因，一般相信是官方對於民間資源的掠奪以及官員明目張膽的違法。
A more hopeful account is given by Mr Morrison in 1877; under the enlightened government of Ting, formerly futai of Fuhchow, roads are being constructed throughout the Chinese territory, and other measures adopted for the development of its resources. A telegraph has been laid between Taiwanfu and Takao; and the proposal to make a railway from the south to the north of the island is being seriously discussed. A fort was built at Anping (the port of Taiwanfu) between 1874 and 1876, and two others at Takow. A scheme is in operation for the military reduction of the east coast districts, and a road is being pushed south from Sauo.
1877 年，莫里森船長的記述讓人看到一線曙光：1877 年，曾任福建撫台 (註：撫台即為巡撫) 的丁日昌前來本島籌畫建設，在其開明的領導之下，除了在漢人領域修築道路以外，尚有施行諸多措施以利資源發展：完成台灣府 (台南) 到打狗的電報線；計畫興築南北縱貫鐵路；1874 年至 1876 年在安平 (註：億載金城)、打狗二處 (註：旗後、東港) 建立砲台〔此項建設應為沈葆楨？〕；東部海岸一帶缺乏海防，計畫自蘇澳往南開築道路以因應〔此項建設應為沈葆楨？〕。(參考資料：http://studwww.nou.edu.tw/~tainan/writer/d08208.htm)
G. Candidius, A short account of the island of Formosa, 1637, printed in Churchill's Collection. voli;
't Verwaarloozde Formosa by C.E.S., Amsterdam, 1675, translated into French as "Formose négligée" in the Recueil de voyages pour l'établ. de la Comp. des Indes. t. x.;
Valentyn. Oud en Nieuw Oozt Indien. t. iv. , with a large map of the island;
Malte-Brun, "Analyse de quelques mémoir es hollandais sur l'île de Formose," in Annales des Voyages, 1810;
Klaproth, "Description de Formose," In Mém. relatifs à l’Asie, t. i., and "Sur la langue des indigènes," in Journal Asiatique, 1822;
Lindsay and Gutzlaff. Voyage to the Northern Ports of China, 1833;
E. Stevens, "Island of Formosa," in Chinese Repository, vol. ii., 1833;
E. C. B., "Dealings of the Chines e Government in Formosa," in Chinese Repository, 1837;
Lieut. Gordon, "On Coal in the N.E. of Form osa," in Journ. Roy. Geog. Soc. 1849;
Robert Swinhoe, "Be richt über die Westküste von Formosa," in Ztschr für Allgem. Erdk zu Berlin , 1857, translated from Overland and Chinese Mail;
"Visit to Formosa," in Jour. of North China branch of Roy. As. Soc., 1859;
"Notes on Formosa," in Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc. 1864;
"Additional Notes," in Proceed. Roy. Geog. Soc., 1866;
Habersham, My last Cruise, 1857;
Biernatzki, "Zur Kunde der Insel Formosa," in Ztschr. für Allegem. Erdk.,1857, and "Die Insel Formosa," in Ztschr. für Allegem. Erdk., 1859;
Jomard, Coup d'oeil sur l'île Formose, Paris 1859;
E. W. Brooker, "Observations on Tai-wan," in Nautical Mag., 1858 and "Journal of H.M.S. the Inflexible," in Nautical Mag., 1859;
A. C. Gras. Renseignements sur les îles Bashee, îles les Formose, &c., 1860;
G. Stanley, "Les Côtes O et S. der Formose," in Annales hydrogr., 1867;
"Ile Formose" in Annales de la prop de la foi, 1867;
Vivien de Saint Martin, "Aperçu général de l'île de Formose," in Bull. de la Soc. de Géogr. 1868;
Guérin and Bernard, "Les aborigènes de l'îl e de Formose," Bull. de la Soc. de Géogr. 1868;
E. W. Brooker, "Remarks on the Coast of Fomosa," in Nautical Magazine, 1868;
Bechtinger, Het eiland Formosa, 1871;
Thomson, "Notes of a journey in Southern Formosa" in Proceedings of Roy. Georgr. Soc., 1873;
Taintor, Aborigenes of Formosa, 1874;
Bax, Eastern Seas, 1875,
Arthur Corner, "Journey in interior of Formo sa," in Proc. Roy. Georgr. Soc., 1875;
Knoblauch. "Einige Notizen über Formosa," in Mitth, d. Deutsch. Ges. für Natur- und Völkerkunde Ost Astens, Yokohama, 1875;
Kühne, in Annalen der Hydrogr. und mar. Meteor., 1875;
Cyprian Bridge, "An Excursion in Formosa," in Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc., 1877;
T.L. Bullock, "A Trip into the interior of Formosa," in Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc., 1877;
James Morrison, "Description of the Island o f Formosa," in Geographical Magazine, 1877;
W. A. Pickering, "Among the Savages of Cent ral Formosa, 1866-1867," in Messenger of Presbyt. Church of England. 1878;
British Consular Reports. A map of the island is given by E. G. Ravenstein in the Geographical Magazine, Oct. 1874.
作者：9th ed. Edinburgh: Adam & Charles Black, 1889
來源：http://cdm.reed.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/formosa&CISOPTR=1042&REC=1
位置
FORMOSA, in Chinese Taiwan, a large island in the Pacific lying between what the Chinese call Nan-hai and Tong-hai, or the Southern and the Eastern Sea, and separated from the Chinese mainland by the strait of Fokien, which has a width of about 91 miles its narrowest part. It extends from121° 15' to 122° 5' E. long; Foki, its most northern point, lies in 25° 19', and its most southern, Lin-hai-shan or South cape, in 21° 54' N. lat.
福爾摩沙，中文名為「台灣」，太平洋上的一處大島，位於南海與東海之間，隔一海峽與中國福建省遙遙相望，海峽最窄之處有 91 公里寬。島橫幅東經 121 度 15 分至 122 度 5 分；最北端富基 (Foki)，北緯 25 度 19 分，最南端臨海山？(Lin-hai-shan) 北緯 21 度 54 分。
面積
Its area is estimated at 14,978 square miles, or about half the size of Ireland. It forms part of the long line of islands which, in the words of Mr Bridge, are interposed as a protective fortification between the Asiatic coast and the broad expanse of the Pacific, and produces that happy immunity from the typhoon which is enjoyed by the ports of China from Amoy to the Yellow Sea.
福爾摩沙島面積估計14978平方英里(38792平方公里)，約為愛爾蘭島的一半大小，是環太平洋列島的一部份，亞洲沿岸及廣袤太平洋之間的保護屏障，為廈門一帶阻擋了颱風的襲擊。
地理－山脈
A chain of mountains, called simply Ta-shan or Great Mountain by the Chinese, traverses the island form N. to S., and attains in several of its summits no inconsiderable elevation.
中國人所稱的「大山」？(Ta-shan)，是由南至北縱貫島嶼的山脈，其中有許多山頭，海拔高度不明。
The loftiest point is usually said to be Mu Kang-shan木岡山or the "Wooded Mountain," which has been named Mount Morrison by the English, "after the captain of one of the early vessels trading to Taiwan fu," and is said to be 12,850 feet in height; but it is not improbable that this estimate is too high, and that the range really culminates elsewhere.
據說「木岡山」(Mu Kang-shan) 為最高峰，英文常稱之「摩里遜峰」(Mount Morrison)，得名於一位商船船長 W. Morrison 首航福爾摩沙遙見其山勢獨特而命名。高度據稱 12,850呎 (3917 公尺)，但可能高估，且山脈的最高峰也可能位在別處。
Towards the north the English maps show a Mount Sylvia or Shan-chas-shan, 11,300 feet high, and a summit in the Middle, Western, or Dodds range 12,800 feet.
地圖往北細瞧，可見希爾維亞峰 (Mount Sylvia)，或「三叉山」(Shan-chas-shan)，高度 11300 呎 (3444 公尺)，中西部尚有一座高峰，名為「陶德山脈」(註：鹿場大山／樂山／加里山山脈)，高度 12800 呎 (3901 公尺)。
Be this as it may, Formosa, as far as its vertical relief is concerned, is divided into three regions, -- the mountains proper, the broad western versant with its alluvial plains, and the narrow eastern versant terminating in a high and precipitous coast.
依照福爾摩沙之地形起伏，可區分為三種地形：中央的山區、西部的遼闊丘陵及沖積平原、以及東部臨海的陡峭懸崖。
島嶼形成
The formation of the island appears to have been due in part at least to volcanic agency; the Chinese accounts mention a mountain called Ho-shan or Fire Mountain, said to be a small volcano about 20 miles south of Kagee; and European explorers have described the jets of steam and sulphur-springs which occur among the calcareous rocks near Tam-sui. Coal, sulphur, and petroleum are the only mineral productions of Formosa which are known to exist in quantities sufficient to make them of economical importance.
本島的形成，部分歸因於火山作用：中國官方文獻提及有座小型火山位於嘉義以南約 20 哩處；歐洲探險家亦報告淡水鄰近的石灰岩地帶有蒸氣及硫磺泉湧冒。本島出產的礦藏僅有煤炭、硫磺、以及原油，含量足以支撐經濟命脈。
物產－煤礦
The principal coal-fields are in the north of the island, near Kelung and Tam-sui; and the coal is all shipped in Kelung harbour. Till 1877 mining operations were conducted after the simple Chinese fashion; but in that year Mr. Tyzack, an English engineer, engaged by the Chinese government, opened a pit with a regular shaft 300 feet deep, and all the necessary machinery and engines for the proper working of the mine. The bed of coal is 3 feet thick. The mineral is highly bituminous, and burns very fast, but can be used for steamers on short voyages. It is regularly employed by many foreign vessels, as well as in the Chinese men-of-war, and in the arsenal at Fuh-chow. In 1873, 45,000 tons were shipped in foreign ships; in 1874, 15,221 tons; in 1875, 27,665 tons; and in 1876, 31,593 tons. In the plains the soil is generally of sand or alluvial clay, covered in the valleys with a rich vegetable mould.
煤田主要集中於本島北部，雞籠及淡水之週邊，煤炭皆由雞籠港出口。1877 年前，人民仍使用中國式的陽春掘礦法；1877 年，英國技師翟薩 (Tyzack) 受聘前來，於本島開鑿一口 300 呎深的豎井，並引進採煤所需之機具器械。
煤床厚達 3 呎，煤炭含煙量高，燃燒十分迅速，可作為短程蒸氣火車頭的燃料之用，也常用於許多外國船隻與中國式槳帆船的燃煤`，並供應福州兵工廠所需的煤。
近四年之煤礦出口量為：1873 年，45000 噸；1874 年，15221 噸；1875 年，27665 噸；1876 年，31593 噸。
平原土質一般為沙質或沖積土，谷地則有豐富的腐植土。
水文
As might be inferred from what has been already said, the streams that flow eastward are little better than torrents; but the western region is traversed by several rivers of moderate development– the Taiwanfu and Pakan rivers, the Black river, the Lokan, the Taika, the Heon-lang, the Tion-kan, the Tonk-shan, and the Tam-sui. Of these the Black river is the widest, but the Tam-sui or Tang-shui-khi alone is navigable, allowing sea vessels to proceed about 3 miles inland, and junks of considerable size about 10 miles farther. There is a fine lake 4 miles long by 2 broad called the Tsui-sia-hai, or Lake of the Water Savages, not far from Posia.
眾所皆知，西向東的溪流水勢湍激，與急流無異；而西部地區則由數條河川切割劃分：由南至北，台灣府，北港溪，濁水溪，鹿港，大甲溪，後壟溪，中港溪，鳳山溪，淡水河。濁水溪最為寬廣，淡水河則可供航行，大型船艦可從淡水河出海口向內航行 3 哩之遙，較大的戎克船甚至可航行 10 哩。埔社鄰近有一美麗湖泊，當地人稱之「水社海」或「水番之湖」，長 4 哩寬 2 哩。
The scenery of Formosa is frequently of majestic beauty; and to this it is indebted for its European name, happily bestowed by the early Spanish navigators. As seen from the eastern coast "the outline of the mountains is at once beautiful and fantastic; domes and peaks and wall-like precipices succeed each other in striking variety; a brilliant verdure clothes their sides, down which dash cascades that shine like silver in the tropical sunlight" (Bridge in Fortnightly Review, 1876).
福爾摩莎，景色壯麗，絕美無比，得感謝早期西班牙探險家賜予本島「福爾摩莎」如此充滿歐風之名。東海岸的景色，「山景美麗絕倫，峰巒層疊，懸崖起伏。林相茂密，飛瀑落於山間，如同熱帶陽光下的銀絲線。」(1876 年，Bridge於雙週刊 Fortnightly Review 報導)
氣候
The climate, though a tropical one, is agreeable and healthy, being tempered by the influences both of the sea and the mountains. According to the thermometric observations made at Kelung in 1874, the hottest months are June, July, August, and September, with an average from 81.76° to 82.81° F. In the shade and the coldest month is January, with an average of 57.70°. The thermometer almost reached 90° in the early part of July, and in January was frequently about 52° or 55°. For the same year the rainfall amounted to 118 inches, of which the most fell in January, February, March, and May.
本島屬熱帶氣候，舒適宜人，受惠於山與海的良好調節。1874 年基隆溫度測量顯示，六月至九月為最熱的月份，平均溫度為華氏 81.76° 至 82.81° (攝氏 27.6° 至 28.2°)；最寒冷的月份落在一月，平均溫度華氏 57.7° (攝氏 14.3°)。七月初溫度時常高達華氏 90° (攝氏 32.2°)，而一月氣溫常在華氏 52° 至 55° (攝氏 11.1° 至 12.8°) 之間擺盪。同樣在 1874 年，基隆年雨量為 118 英吋 (約 2997 毫米)，集中於一月、二月、三月、及五月。
植物
The vegetation of the island is characterized by tropical luxuriance, -- the mountainous regions being clad with dense forest, in which various species of palms, the camphor-tree (Laurus Camphora), and the aloe are conspicuous. Mr Swinhoe obtained no fewer than 65 different kinds of timber from a large yard in Taiwanfu; and his specimens are now to be seen in the museum at Kew. The tree which supplies the materials for the pith paper of the Chinese is not uncommon, and Mr Pickering found the cassia tree in the mountains.
植物群落富含熱帶風貌，山區林相茂密蓊鬱，常見各種棕櫚、樟樹、蘆薈。英國領事史溫侯 (Swinhoe) 在台灣府一處大院中即採集了多達 65 種木材，目前展示於英國皇家邱植物園。蓪草紙的原料─通脫木，隨處可見。必麒麟 (Pickering) 曾在山中發現肉桂樹的蹤影。
Travelers are especially struck with the beauty of some of the wild flowers, more especially with the lilies and convolvuluses; and our European greenhouses have been enriched by several Formosan orchids and other ornamental plants. The pine apple grows in abundance.
探險家必定讚嘆野花之美，百合及牽牛尤其打動人心。數種本島出產的蘭花及其他園藝觀賞植物點綴了歐洲地區的溫室。鳳梨結實累累。
糧食物產
In the lowlands of the western portion, the Chinese have introduced a large number of cultivated plants and fruit trees. Rice is grown in such quantities as to procure for Formosa the title of the "granary of China"; and the sweet potato, taro, millet, barley, wheat, and maize are also cultivated. Sugar, tea, indigo, ground peanuts, jute, hemp, oil, and rattans are all articles of export, and some of them produce no inconsiderable trade.
本島西部的低地，中國人引進大量栽培作物及果樹。稻米豐收盛產，為本島贏得「中國糧倉」之美譽；此外亦有栽植番薯、芋頭、小米、大麥、小麥、玉米等作物。出口物產包括糖、茶、藍靛、花生粕 (花生榨油所留下之渣滓)、黃麻、大麻、油、藤，其中有些是相當重要的貿易作物。
The principal tea district is about Banka, but the area devoted to this valuable crop is rapidly increasing. A large part of the tea finds its way to America. In some parts of the island it is probable that coffee may grown with advantage.
茶葉為重要的經濟作物，產區主要集中在艋舺，不過其他地區種植茶葉有增加的趨勢。美國為茶葉的大宗出口國。本島某部分區域，咖啡有可能成為後起之秀。
動物
The Formosan fauna has been but partially ascertained; but at least three kinds of deer, wild boars, bears, goats, monkeys (probably Macacus speciosus), squirrels and flying squirrels are fairly common, and panthers and wild cats are not unfrequent. A poisonous but beautiful green snake is often mentioned by travellers.
本島的動物群落仍有許多探索空間；目前已知的是，至少三種鹿、野豬、黑熊、山羊、猴類 (應為獼猴屬)、松鼠、飛鼠等皆為常見，雲豹和石虎也時常現蹤。探險家經常提及他們遇見一種有毒但美麗的青蛇。
Pheasants, ducks, geese, and snipenare abundant; and Dr Collingwood in his Naturalist's Rambles in the China Seas mentions Ardea prasinosceles and other species of herons, several species of fly-catchers, kingfishers, shrikes, and larks, the black drongo, the Cotyle sinensis, and the Prinia sonitans.
為數眾多的雉雞、鴨、鵝、鷸活躍於本島，柯靈烏 (Collingwood) 在其著作《一位自然學者在中國海岸與水域之雜記》提及 Ardea prasinosceles 及其他鷺種鳥類、數種鶲種鳥類、翠鳥、伯勞、雲雀、大卷尾、棕沙燕、及灰頭鷦鶯。
Dogs are kept even by the savages for hunting. The horse is hardly known, and his place is taken by the ox, which is regularly bridled and saddled and ridden with all dignity.
原住民豢養犬隻以狩獵。馬幾無出沒，牛取代馬的地位，權貴人士將牛配繩上鞍並騎乘。
海產
The rivers and neighbouring seas seem to be well stocked with fish, and especial mention must be made of the turtles, flying-fish, and brilliant coral-fish which swarm in the waters warmed by the Kurosiwo current, that gulf-stream of the Pacific.
本島之河川與鄰海漁產豐富，當中尤其值得一提的包括海龜、飛魚，以及拜溫暖的太平洋黑潮洋流之賜，還可見到穿梭於珊瑚礁中的絢麗魚類。
Shell-fish form an important article of diet to both the Chinese and the aborigines along the coast – a species of Cyrena, a species of Tapes, Cytheraea petechiana, and Modiola teres being most abundant.
貝類是沿海中國人及原住民的主食之一，沿海盛產一種蛤蠣、一種淺蜊、一種扇貝？、一種蟶類。
居民
The inhabitants of Formosa may be divided into three classes: -- the Chinese, many of whom have immigrated from the neighbourhood of Amoy and speak the dialect of that district, while others are Hakkas from the vicinity of Swatow; the subjugated aborigines, now largely intermingled with the Chinese; and the uncivilized aborigines of the eastern region, who refuse to recognize the Chinese authority, and carry on raids as opportunity occurs.
本島之住民可略分三種：
一、漢人：許多為廈門移居之閩南人，亦有從廣州汕頭而來的客家人；二、順服的原住民 ：多半已與漢人混居；三、東部地區未開化的原住民：拒絕服從漢人政權，伺機採取襲擊。
The semi-civilized aborigines, who have adopted the Chinese language, dress, and customs, are called Pe-pa-hwan ( Anglice……Peppo-hoans), while their wilder brethren bear the name of Che-hwan or green savages. They appear to belong to the Malay stock, and their language, according to Gabelentz's investigations in the Zeitschrift der Morgenländ. Gesellschaft, 1859, bears out the supposition.
半開化的原住民，說著漢人方言，身穿漢民服裝，表現漢人生活習慣，本島稱其為「平埔番」；兇悍野蠻的山地原住民則被冠上「生番」之名。德國語言學家甲柏連孜 (Gabelentz) 於 1859 年德國東方學會雜誌發表的調查報告中，推測二者應同屬馬來人血統。
(1) They are broken up into almost countless tribes and clans, many of which number only a few hundred individuals, and their language consequently presents a variety of dialects, of which no classification has yet been effected: in the district of Posia alone, says Dr Dickson, of the Presbyterian mission, there are "eight different mutually unintelligible dialects." Mr Corner of Amoy describes the people themselves as of "middle height, broad-chested, and muscular, with remarkably large hands and feet, the eyes large, the forehead round, and not narrow or receding in many instances, the nose broad, the mouth large and disfigured with betel."
原住民分為眾多部落及族系，其中有些人數僅有數百人；語言亦隨部落、族系而異，目前尚無有效分類系統。長老派教會的狄克森醫師表示，單在埔社一帶，即有「八種互異的難懂方言」。廈門的柯納 (Corner ) 描述原住民之外型特徵為「中等身高，胸膛寬廣，肌肉粗壯，手腳異常大，眼睛也大，額頭飽滿圓潤不窄縮，鼻寬，嘴闊，齒因嚼食檳榔而變色」。
The custom of tattooing is universal. In the north of the island at least, the dead are buried in a sitting posture under the bed on which they have expired. Petty wars are extremely common, not only along the Chinese frontiers, but between the neighbouring clans; and the heads of the slain are carefully preserved as trophies. In some districts the young men and boys sleep in the skull-chambers, in order that they may be inspired with courage.
原住民盛行刺青。目前所知在本島北部的原住民，亡者以坐姿埋葬於其斷氣時所躺的床下。零星戰事極常發生，除了發生在漢人的邊界上，鄰近之部族亦會撩起戰火，並取下被殺者的首級妥善保存，作為戰利品。某些地區的年輕男子及男孩眠臥於敵首棚中，他們相信如此能夠受到賜與勇氣。
Many of the tribes that have had least intercourse with the Chinese show a considerable amount of skill in the arts of civilization. The houses, for instance, of the village of Ka-fri-ang in the south are described by Rev. W. Campbell as "built of stone, tiled with immense slabs of a slaty kind of rock, and fitted up within with accommodation for sleeping comfortably as well as for cooking, and for storing up abundance of materials for personal and household use." Manchester prints and other European goods are in pretty general use; and the women, who make a fine native cloth from hemp, introduce coloured threads from the foreign stuffs, so as to produce ornamental devices. The 1 Compare lists in Journ. of Roy. Geog. Soc., 1873, and Collingwood’s Appendix. [original note] office of chieftain is sometimes held by women. Intermarriage between the Chinese and the natives is very common.
許多有與漢人來往的原住民部落，表現出極高的藝術造詣。甘為霖牧師曾經描述南部加蚌社 (Ka-fri-ang) 之房舍「石材搭建，覆以巨大石板，內部設有寢室、炊房、以及用來儲藏大量個人與家居用品的房間」。他們經常使用來自曼徹斯特的印刷物及其他歐洲國家貨品。原住民女性以大麻纖維織成了精緻土布，並在舶來品上穿以色線以製作飾品。漢人與原住民之間的通婚情形十分常見。
地區
The Chinese portion of the island was till 1876 divided into the districts of Komalan, Tam-sui, Chang-hua, Kia-i, Tai-wan, Feng-shan, of which Komalan or Kapsiulangting was the only one on the eastern side; but the districts of Komalan and Tam-sui have been abolished, and a department of North Formosa established with three dependent magistracies.
1876 年前，本島的漢人行政區域分為噶瑪蘭廳、淡水廳、彰化縣、嘉義縣、鳳山縣，其中噶瑪蘭廳(蛤仔難廳)是唯一位於東部的行政區。噶瑪蘭廳及淡水廳於之後遭到廢除，本島北部則分為三個獨立的行政區域。
A highway runs from Bangka in the north to Pangliavu in the south. Beginning at the north we find the following places of importance: -- Kelung, the ancient Pe-Kiang, a treaty port in the neighbourhood of the mines; Tam-sui, or properly Howei or Hobay, also a treaty port with 100,000 inhabitants, on the harbour of the same name, which is formed by hills upwards of 2000 feet high and has a depth of 3 1/2 fathoms and a bar of 7 1/2 feet; Twa-tu-tia, about 13 miles up the Tam-sui River in a tea district, and possessing a population of 20,000; Mengka, Bangka, or Banca, a little higher up the river, one of the most flourishing commercial towns in the north, with 30,000 inhabitants; Teukcham or Teuxham, a walled town at the head of Tam-sui district, with a population of 40,000 inhabitants; Heong-san and Tiong-Kang, both near the coast; Oulan and Suikang, both inland; Changhwa the capital of a district, and the second city in the island, with population of 60,000 or 80,000; Chip-Chip, a large town inhabited solely by Chinese; Kagee, or Chin-la-san, and Ung-Kan-bay; Kok-si-Kong, with a small harbour; Taiwanfu, the capital of the island, with 30,000 inhabitants (or, according to another statement, 100,000), a treaty port, and the remains of the Dutch port of Zelandia; Takao or Takow, also a treaty port, in 22° 37' N. lat., 120° 16' E. long., to the south of Ape's Hill; Pataou or Pitau, a few miles inland, the Feng-shan-hsien of ancient documents; and Tang-Kang, a town of 20,000 inhabitants. Besides these there are many places of several thousands of a population, and the whole of the Chinese territory is dotted with villages and hamlets. The whole island is estimated to contain from one and a half to two million souls, the smaller number being probably nearer the truth. The Chinese influence is rapidly spreading, and the island is more and more attracting the attention of foreigners.
有一幹道自北部的艋舺直通南部的枋寮。由本島北部觀起，主要市鎮如下：
一、雞籠：昔稱「北港」，為一通商口岸，鄰近有採礦區。
二、淡水：或正式名稱「滬尾」，亦為通商口岸，人口約 10 萬人。港灣同名，鄰近山丘高 2000 呎 (620 公尺)，港灣水深 3.5 噚 (6.51 公尺)，沙洲 7.5 呎 (2.33 公尺)。
三、大稻埕：位於淡水河上溯約13哩(21公里)，處於茶葉種植區，人口約2萬人。
四、艋舺：位置略高於淡水河，北部最繁榮的商業區之一，人口3萬人。
五、竹塹：淡水廳的廳治所在，周圍築以城牆，人口4萬人。
六、香山、中港：皆靠海。
七、後壟、新港：位於內陸。
八、彰化：彰化為彰化縣城行政中心，亦是本島第二大城市，人口6萬至8萬人。
九、集集：主要為漢人居住的城鎮。
十、嘉義：又稱諸羅山，或茅港尾。
十一、國聖港：為一小型港灣。
十二、台灣府：本島之首都，人口 3 萬人 (一說 10 萬人)，現為通商口岸，荷蘭統治時期熱蘭遮城遺跡在此。
十三、打狗：亦為通商口岸，位於北緯 22 度 37 分，東經 120 度 16 分，據於猴山之南方。
十四、埤頭：離海數哩，古文獻記載為鳳山縣。
十五、東港：人口 2 萬人。
本島其他地區尚居有數千餘人，而漢人墾拓之地零星散布著各庄頭與小村莊。全島人口估計為 150 萬至 200 萬人，150 萬人應較接近現況。漢人影響力快速散播，本島亦逐漸受到外國人的矚目。
歷史
The island of Formosa must have been known from a very early date to the Chinese who were established in the Pescadores. The inhabitants are mentioned in the official works of the Yuan dynasty as Tung-fan or southern barbarians; and under the Ming dynasty the island begins to appear as Kilung.
早期定居於澎湖群島的居民應已知福爾摩沙島。元朝官方文獻已記載本島居民為「東番」或「南蠻」。明朝則將本島記錄為「雞籠」。
In the beginning of the 16th century it began to be known to the Portuguese and Spanish navigators, and the latter at least made some attempts at establishing settlements or missions. The Dutch were the first, however, to take footing in the island; in 1624 they built a fort, Zelandia, on the east coast, where has since risen the town of Taiwan, and the settlement was maintained for thirty-seven years.
葡萄牙及西班牙航海者於 16 世紀初已探知福爾摩沙島，西班牙人更有在島上進行殖民拓墾或是傳教活動。不過最早踏上這塊土地的卻是荷蘭人：1624 年，荷蘭人在東［應是西？］海岸修築熱蘭遮城，並且自此建立了台灣府城。荷蘭人統治時期維持了 37 年。
On the expulsion of the Ming dynasty in China a number of their defeated adherents came over to Formosa, and, under a leader called in European accounts Coxinga, succeeded in expelling the Dutch and taking possession of a good part of the island. In 1682 the Chinese of Formosa recognized the emperor Kanghi, and since then it has formed part of the empire. In 1714 the Jesuit mathematicians from the court visited the island.
中國當時為清朝統治，掃蕩殘存的明朝勢力，一部分擁護明朝王室者來到福爾摩沙，他們的領導者在歐洲文獻中稱為「國姓爺」，國姓爺成功驅逐荷蘭人，佔領了島上一部份的優良土地。1682 年，康熙派遣施琅攻台，台灣成為清朝領土。1714 年，清朝派遣耶穌會數學家前來台灣。(參考資料：http://distance.shu.edu.tw/taiwan/ch15/ch15_sec01.htm 天主教耶穌會傳教士 J. B. Regis、Jos. De Mailla、和 R.Hinderer 三人奉康熙皇帝之命來台灣，測繪地圖)
In 1782 occurred a most destructive storm, which laid the public buildings in ruins and wrecked twenty-seven of the imperial war-ships; and in 1788 there broke out a violent rebellion, which was put down only after the loss, it is said, of 100,000 (?) men by disease and sword, and the expenditure of 2,000,000 taels of silver. In the early part of the present century the island was principally known to Europeans on account of the wrecks which took place on its coast, and the dangers that crews had to run from the cannibal propensities of the aborigines, and the almost equally cruel tendencies of the Chinese. Among the most notable cases was the loss in 1842 of the British brig, "Ann," with fifty-seven persons on board, of whom forty-three were executed at Taiwan.
1782 年，一場毀滅性的風災來襲，公共建築成為廢墟，27 艘皇家戰艦遭到摧毀。1788 年，一場反叛動亂爆發 (林爽文之亂)，據說 10 萬人因疾病及刀劍而亡，且在動用 2 百萬銀兩後始平定動亂。本世紀 (19 世紀) 初，福爾摩沙之所以得名於歐洲各國，主要因為海岸邊發生的船難、船員倉皇逃離原住民的食人威脅、以及面對同樣兇殘蠻橫的中國人等等報導。英國雙桅帆船「安號」的船難事件最為有名，57 名船員中，43 名遭處死於台灣。
(參考資料：1. http://www.taiwancenter.com/sdtca/articles/8-11/5.html 2.泡茶走西仔反: 清法戰爭台灣外記-第117頁 )
By the treaty of Tientsin (1860) Taiwan was opened to European commerce, but Mr Swinhoe found the place quite unsuitable for a port of trade, and the harbour of Tam-sui was selected instead. Shortly afterwards a rebellion broke out, to which several of the Chinese authorities fell victims; and for some time the condition of the foreign settlers was rather precarious, while the trade of the new port was so small that it was proposed to relinquish the consulate.
根據 1860 年的天津條約，台灣 (安平港) 列入對歐洲的通商口岸，但史溫侯認為該處並不適合作為貿易港，因此之後另選了淡水港。不久之後爆發了一場動亂，數名中國官員慘遭殺害，居於本島的外國人也度過了一段動盪不安的時期，而新開港口的貿易範圍並未拓展，以至於必須交出領事權。
In 1865 Dr Maxwell of the English Presbyterian Church established a medical mission first at Taiwan and afterwards at Takao; and the organization thus originated comprised in 1877 thirteen churches among the Chinese, and as many among the aborigines of the southern provinces, with upwards of 1000 baptized converts and 3000 attendants at worship.
1865 年，馬雅各醫生受英國長老教會之差派來到台灣，先後在台灣 (註：今之安平) 及打狗進行醫療宣教；1877 年，由此而成立的機構之下管轄有 13 座漢人區域的教會，而許多南部地區的原住民亦有信教，受洗改信者超過 1000 人，參與祈禱會者超過 3000 人。
(參考資料：http://pojbh.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/script/about-8.htm)
The northern provinces are in the hands of the Presbyterian Church of Canada, which commenced its operations in 1872, and had nine stations in 1877. A Roman Catholic mission has also been in existence in the island since 1859.
北部地區的傳教工作則為加拿大長老派教會於 1872 年發端主持，1877 年已有 9 處據點。1859 年起，亦有出現羅馬天主教會的宣教活動。
In 1867 the United States consul at Amoy made a treaty with Tok-a-Tok, a chief of the aborigines of the southern part of the island, by which the safety of foreigners was secured in that district. An attack made on the Protestant and Roman Catholic mission at Feng-shan-hsien in 1868 led the British consul to authorize the occupation of Fort Zelandia and Amping by Colonel Gordon; but his action was afterwards disapproved by the home Government, and the indemnity demanded from the Chinese restored.
1867 年，駐廈門的美國領事與本島南部一名原住民頭目卓杞篤(Tok-a-Tok) 達成協議，確保該區的外國人安全受到保障。1868 年，鳳山縣發生民眾攻擊新教與羅馬天主教傳教士的事件 (註：鳳山教案)，使得英國領事授權戈登上校佔領熱蘭遮城及安平港。然而英國政府並不認同此次佔領行為，並給予清廷所要求的賠償。
In 1872 the crew of a Japanese vessel shipwrecked on the coast being murdered by the savages, the Japanese Government sent an expedition to punish the assassins, and a war between China and Japan would have been the consequence if Wade the English ambassador had not succeeded in bringing them to terms, -- China agreeing to pay 500,000 taels as compensation to the friends of the murdered men and to purchase the houses, &c., erected by the Japanese, and the Japanese on their side withdrawing their troops and giving up all claims to occupation.
1872 年，日本船隊在本島海岸發生船難，船員遭原住民襲殺，日本政府派出遠征隊採取報復性懲罰 (註：牡丹社事件)，幸有英國駐清大使威綏瑪居中調停，才免於清廷與日本爆發戰爭。二國簽定協議，清廷得支付五十萬海關兩作為受難家屬撫恤金及日方在番地所做的建設補助款項，日方則需撤退軍隊，放棄佔領行動。(參考資料：http://studwww.nou.edu.tw/~tainan/writer/d08208.htm)
According to Mr Hewlett's report for 1872, the political state of the island is very bad; the officials classes, he says, have a proverb "every three years an outbreak, every five a rebellion," and the reason of this instability is to be found in their own rapacity and glaring violations of justice.
根據惠列 (Hewlett) 於 1872 年的報導，本島政局十分動盪，官方有一俗諺稱「三年一小反，五年一大亂」，造成如此不安局勢的原因，一般相信是官方對於民間資源的掠奪以及官員明目張膽的違法。
A more hopeful account is given by Mr Morrison in 1877; under the enlightened government of Ting, formerly futai of Fuhchow, roads are being constructed throughout the Chinese territory, and other measures adopted for the development of its resources. A telegraph has been laid between Taiwanfu and Takao; and the proposal to make a railway from the south to the north of the island is being seriously discussed. A fort was built at Anping (the port of Taiwanfu) between 1874 and 1876, and two others at Takow. A scheme is in operation for the military reduction of the east coast districts, and a road is being pushed south from Sauo.
1877 年，莫里森船長的記述讓人看到一線曙光：1877 年，曾任福建撫台 (註：撫台即為巡撫) 的丁日昌前來本島籌畫建設，在其開明的領導之下，除了在漢人領域修築道路以外，尚有施行諸多措施以利資源發展：完成台灣府 (台南) 到打狗的電報線；計畫興築南北縱貫鐵路；1874 年至 1876 年在安平 (註：億載金城)、打狗二處 (註：旗後、東港) 建立砲台〔此項建設應為沈葆楨？〕；東部海岸一帶缺乏海防，計畫自蘇澳往南開築道路以因應〔此項建設應為沈葆楨？〕。(參考資料：http://studwww.nou.edu.tw/~tainan/writer/d08208.htm)
文獻
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