【翻譯練習】台海緊張始於鄭氏王朝
Tensions Between China and Taiwan Go Back Further Than You Think
作者：Nick Taber
來源：https://www.ozy.com/flashback/tensions-between-china-and-taiwan-go-back-further-than-you-think/94458/
鄭成功誓言「收復台灣」，首創將台灣視為中國領土之先河……如今各方各懷鬼胎，各自解讀鄭成功留給後人的台灣定位。
1661 年，鄭成功登陸受荷蘭東印度公司治理、名為「福爾摩沙」的台灣。歷史學者杭行形容，鄭成功站在荷蘭堡壘之外，大喊「福爾摩沙屬中國所有！」時光快轉，來到 2019 年 1 月，中國國家主席習近平站在北京人民大會堂，發表講話：「(台灣) 海峽兩岸同屬一個中國的歷史和法理事實，是任何人任何勢力都無法改變的。」
習近平不斷叫囂要將台灣收歸中國，並快速建立一支足以遂其野心的軍隊。台灣現今面臨的衝突，是國共內戰的遺緒：一方是統治中國的中共，一方是轄有台灣及中國東南沿海數座島嶼的中華民國。有人主張，海峽衝突始於 1949 年，該年蔣介石領導的國民政府逃至台灣，寄望有朝一日驅逐共匪，反攻大陸。
然而國共皆非埋下台灣衝突引線的第一人。2019 年發行的《中國現代海軍之建立》(The Making of the Modern Chinese Navy) 一書中，作者布魯斯．埃勒門 (Bruce Elleman) 認為「台灣始終淪為中國內戰戰敗方的避難所」，而鄭成功首開敗逃台灣的先例，不過華人教科書仍將這位傳奇色彩濃厚的統治者奉為民族英雄，感激其將西洋勢力逐出台灣之功勞。
17 世紀中期，滿人自中國東北浩浩蕩蕩侵略中原，覆滅明朝，建立大清帝國。忠於前朝之人，不得不退而求其次另尋其他歸屬，而「國姓爺」鄭成功是其中一個選擇：鄭成功之父遭清廷處死，其母受清兵侮辱自殺，使得鄭成功對滿人深惡痛絕。鄭成功組織大軍，攻占當時只有荷蘭東印度公司、原住民和少數漢人居住的台灣，擘劃反清復明大業。
鄭成功雖自居中國正統，但他本人卻有一半的日本血統－－生母為日本人。鄭成功出生於日本，童年也多半在日本度過。父親出身強大的海盜世家，海上霸權遍及西太平洋。鄭成功在 1661 年來到台灣，擊敗並驅逐荷蘭東印度公司，此舉為後人所稱頌。在與荷蘭人的爭執中，鄭成功聲稱台灣「自古以來」即是中國領土，吹響石破天驚的第一聲號角，此後三百年來許多人敢於稱台灣屬於中國，亦不過是續鄭成功之後矣。
最後，鄭成功實現了世人公認中國對西方的第一次重大勝利。在鄭氏家族統治下，時名「東寧王國」的台灣，成為日本人、漢人和台灣原住民的文化熔爐，移民來此者甚至遠及非洲。
東寧王國國祚不長：鄭成功攻台不到一年即亡故，其子鄭經繼承王位，操縱台灣定位的大轉向。鄭成功應是志在驅除韃虜恢復中華，將台灣併入中國；但鄭經卻盤算與清廷並存，希望締結藩屬關係，兩岸分治。然而，當中國爆發三藩之亂，鄭經又把重心轉為對抗清廷。1680 年，鄭經戰敗，逃回台灣，不久便溘然長逝。隨後台灣陷入王位繼承之爭，清廷又施壓台灣統治者要求其投降。幾乎未動一兵一卒，鄭氏王朝依滿清制度薙髮，歸降清廷。
今日在許多人看來，鄭成功的事蹟與 1949 年蔣介石帶領國民政府撤退來台如出一轍。台北大學退休教授祁夫潤 (Jerome Keating) 說：「這兩人同樣都在中國大陸被擊潰，步上逃亡一途。他們都妄想自己是命中註定要來復興中國的偉大英雄。」《火藥時代》(The Gunpowder Age) 作者歐陽泰 (Tonio Andrade) 指出，從兩人命名首都的方式，可以瞧見這種中國大一統信念的端倪：「鄭成功將首都稱為『東都明京』，清楚宣示其將此定為全中國唯一合法的首都。國民政府則以台北為中華民國首都，同樣昭告世人這是中華民國唯一認定合法的首都。」
從鄭氏王朝滅亡迄今，海峽兩岸仍在爭奪鄭成功遺留的餘澤，基於政治目的擁立這位傳奇人物。哈佛大學費正清中國研究中心主任宋怡明 (Michael Szonyi) 說：「有趣之處在於修辭學上的用途－－現今的政治行為者如何看待鄭成功的事蹟，是可供政治場合利用，還是令人反觀當前處境。」宋怡明表示，在 1950 年代的台灣，蔣介石反共政權把鄭成功神話包裝成鼓吹忠孝節義的工具，並當作政權合法性的根源。
祁夫潤說：「神話不滅。就因為鄭成功打倒『洋鬼子』，讓鄭成功成為中國人以及一部分台灣人心目中的英雄。」中國共產黨崇奉鄭成功，特別強調鄭成功的中國國族主義以及戰勝荷蘭人的豐功偉業……然而鄭成功幾乎終其一生都在反抗中央集權的中國政府。埃勒門的書中寫道，中共解放軍正在研究鄭成功奪取台灣的戰術。
對中國而言，鄭成功只是中華文明壓倒西方的事蹟之一。至於台灣，並沒有效法鄭成功踏上驅逐洋人勢力的路線，台灣反而與西方國家愈走愈近，親美傾向尤其明顯。台灣要為這個美麗島努力開創出與鄭氏王朝截然不同的命運。
General Koxinga's claims to Taiwan were groundbreaking … and now everyone uses his legacy for their own ends.
Chinese general Koxinga landed in Taiwan in 1661, when it was known as Formosa and controlled by the Dutch East India Company. Historian Xing Hang describes him standing outside a Dutch fortress, shouting: "Taiwan belongs to the government of China!" Fast-forward 358 years to this January, when Chinese President Xi Jinping stood in Beijing's Great Hall of the People and proclaimed, "It's a legal fact that both sides of the [Taiwan] Strait belong to one China and cannot be changed by anyone or any force."
Xi has repeatedly vowed to reunite Taiwan with China and is rapidly building a military capable of delivering on that promise. The modern conflict over Taiwan is the legacy of a civil war between the Communist People's Republic of China (PRC), which today rules mainland China, and the nationalist Republic of China (ROC), which rules Taiwan and a few islands off the southeast coast of China. By some reckonings, that conflict began in 1949 when the ROC government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, fled to Taiwan with the intention of one day expelling the communists and unifying China.
But they were far from the first. In his forthcoming book, The Making of the Chinese Navy, Bruce Elleman argues that "Taiwan has repeatedly been used as a sanctuary for the losing side in Chinese civil wars." The story of the first such instance centers on Koxinga, a legendary ruler described in Chinese textbooks as a national hero for expelling Western powers from Taiwan.
In the mid-17th century, the Manchu invaded China from the north, defeating the Ming dynasty to establish the Qing dynasty. Loyalists of the old regime were forced to consider their dwindling options. Koxinga, or Zheng Chenggong, was a Ming loyalist with deep hatred for the Manchu invaders from the north, who had executed his father and driven his mother to suicide. Koxinga assembled a massive force to invade Taiwan, then only inhabited by the Dutch East India Company and aboriginal groups, with the intention of eventually restoring ethnic-Chinese control of China.
Despite being a Chinese nationalist, Koxinga himself was half-Japanese on his mother's side. He was born in Japan and spent much of his childhood there. His father came from a family of powerful pirates with connections throughout the Western Pacific. Arriving in Taiwan in 1661, Koxinga defeated and expelled the Dutch East India Company, an act for which he is revered today. When Koxinga, railing against the Dutch, claimed Taiwan had been Chinese territory since "ancient times," he was the first of many who would make that claim over the next three centuries.
Koxinga ultimately prevailed in what is regarded as China's first major victory against the West. Under his leadership, Taiwan — known as the Kingdom of Tungning — was a melting pot of Japanese, Chinese and aboriginal culture, with influxes of people from as far away as Africa.
It didn't last long: Koxinga died within a year of his invasion. Koxinga's son Zheng Jing inherited the kingdom, overseeing a major shift in its orientation. While Koxinga probably intended to expel the Manchu from China and unite Taiwan with the mainland, his son Zheng Jing sought coexistence with the Manchu government, hoping for a tributary relationship and a divided China. Still, when a rebellion broke out on the mainland, Zheng Jing shifted his attention back toward fighting the Manchu. In 1680, he lost and fled back to Taiwan, where he died shortly thereafter. A succession struggle broke out, and the kingdom's leaders faced pressure from the Qing to give up their kingdom on Taiwan. Barely putting up a fight, they shaved their heads in traditional Manchu fashion and surrendered.
Today, many see parallels between Koxinga's story and Gen. Chiang Kai-shek's retreat to Taiwan with his Kuomintang (KMT) party in 1949. "Both were beaten on the continent and on the run," says Jerome Keating, a retired professor at National Taipei University. "They both had inflated beliefs in their destiny to be the hero to restore China's greatness." Tonio Andrade, author of The Gunpowder Age, points out that the names of their capital cities reflected this belief. "The Zheng [Koxinga] regime called their capital the Eastern Ming Capital, making clear that they felt it was the only legitimate capital of all of China," says Andrade. "The KMT named Taipei the capital of the Republic of China, making clear that they thought of it as the only legitimate capital for China."
From the fall of Koxinga's kingdom until the present day, groups on both sides of the Taiwan Strait have jostled over Koxinga's legacy, appropriating his legend for political purposes. "The interesting thing is the rhetorical utility — the way actors in the present have seen narratives about Koxinga as politically useful or resonant," explains Michael Szonyi, director of the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies at Harvard University. In 1950s Taiwan, Chiang Kai-Shek's anti-Communist regime used the Koxinga myth as a morale-boosting device and source of regime legitimacy, according to Szonyi.
"Myths die hard," says Keating. "The Chinese and some Taiwanese see Koxinga as a hero since he defeated the 'foreign devils.'" The mainland Chinese Community Party (CCP) embraces the general emphasizing his Chinese nationalism and victory against the Dutch … even though he spent most of his life opposing a centralized Chinese government. Koxinga's tactics for capturing Taiwan are currently being studied by the CCP's People's Liberation Army, Elleman says in his forthcoming book.
For China, the story of Koxinga is one of Chinese civilization prevailing against the West. But rather than expelling such powers, as Koxinga did, Taiwan today is growing closer to Western countries — particularly the U.S. — as it attempts to ensure a different fate for itself than that of Koxinga's kingdom.
作者：Nick Taber
來源：https://www.ozy.com/flashback/tensions-between-china-and-taiwan-go-back-further-than-you-think/94458/
鄭成功誓言「收復台灣」，首創將台灣視為中國領土之先河……如今各方各懷鬼胎，各自解讀鄭成功留給後人的台灣定位。
1661 年，鄭成功登陸受荷蘭東印度公司治理、名為「福爾摩沙」的台灣。歷史學者杭行形容，鄭成功站在荷蘭堡壘之外，大喊「福爾摩沙屬中國所有！」時光快轉，來到 2019 年 1 月，中國國家主席習近平站在北京人民大會堂，發表講話：「(台灣) 海峽兩岸同屬一個中國的歷史和法理事實，是任何人任何勢力都無法改變的。」
習近平不斷叫囂要將台灣收歸中國，並快速建立一支足以遂其野心的軍隊。台灣現今面臨的衝突，是國共內戰的遺緒：一方是統治中國的中共，一方是轄有台灣及中國東南沿海數座島嶼的中華民國。有人主張，海峽衝突始於 1949 年，該年蔣介石領導的國民政府逃至台灣，寄望有朝一日驅逐共匪，反攻大陸。
然而國共皆非埋下台灣衝突引線的第一人。2019 年發行的《中國現代海軍之建立》(The Making of the Modern Chinese Navy) 一書中，作者布魯斯．埃勒門 (Bruce Elleman) 認為「台灣始終淪為中國內戰戰敗方的避難所」，而鄭成功首開敗逃台灣的先例，不過華人教科書仍將這位傳奇色彩濃厚的統治者奉為民族英雄，感激其將西洋勢力逐出台灣之功勞。
17 世紀中期，滿人自中國東北浩浩蕩蕩侵略中原，覆滅明朝，建立大清帝國。忠於前朝之人，不得不退而求其次另尋其他歸屬，而「國姓爺」鄭成功是其中一個選擇：鄭成功之父遭清廷處死，其母受清兵侮辱自殺，使得鄭成功對滿人深惡痛絕。鄭成功組織大軍，攻占當時只有荷蘭東印度公司、原住民和少數漢人居住的台灣，擘劃反清復明大業。
鄭成功雖自居中國正統，但他本人卻有一半的日本血統－－生母為日本人。鄭成功出生於日本，童年也多半在日本度過。父親出身強大的海盜世家，海上霸權遍及西太平洋。鄭成功在 1661 年來到台灣，擊敗並驅逐荷蘭東印度公司，此舉為後人所稱頌。在與荷蘭人的爭執中，鄭成功聲稱台灣「自古以來」即是中國領土，吹響石破天驚的第一聲號角，此後三百年來許多人敢於稱台灣屬於中國，亦不過是續鄭成功之後矣。
最後，鄭成功實現了世人公認中國對西方的第一次重大勝利。在鄭氏家族統治下，時名「東寧王國」的台灣，成為日本人、漢人和台灣原住民的文化熔爐，移民來此者甚至遠及非洲。
東寧王國國祚不長：鄭成功攻台不到一年即亡故，其子鄭經繼承王位，操縱台灣定位的大轉向。鄭成功應是志在驅除韃虜恢復中華，將台灣併入中國；但鄭經卻盤算與清廷並存，希望締結藩屬關係，兩岸分治。然而，當中國爆發三藩之亂，鄭經又把重心轉為對抗清廷。1680 年，鄭經戰敗，逃回台灣，不久便溘然長逝。隨後台灣陷入王位繼承之爭，清廷又施壓台灣統治者要求其投降。幾乎未動一兵一卒，鄭氏王朝依滿清制度薙髮，歸降清廷。
今日在許多人看來，鄭成功的事蹟與 1949 年蔣介石帶領國民政府撤退來台如出一轍。台北大學退休教授祁夫潤 (Jerome Keating) 說：「這兩人同樣都在中國大陸被擊潰，步上逃亡一途。他們都妄想自己是命中註定要來復興中國的偉大英雄。」《火藥時代》(The Gunpowder Age) 作者歐陽泰 (Tonio Andrade) 指出，從兩人命名首都的方式，可以瞧見這種中國大一統信念的端倪：「鄭成功將首都稱為『東都明京』，清楚宣示其將此定為全中國唯一合法的首都。國民政府則以台北為中華民國首都，同樣昭告世人這是中華民國唯一認定合法的首都。」
從鄭氏王朝滅亡迄今，海峽兩岸仍在爭奪鄭成功遺留的餘澤，基於政治目的擁立這位傳奇人物。哈佛大學費正清中國研究中心主任宋怡明 (Michael Szonyi) 說：「有趣之處在於修辭學上的用途－－現今的政治行為者如何看待鄭成功的事蹟，是可供政治場合利用，還是令人反觀當前處境。」宋怡明表示，在 1950 年代的台灣，蔣介石反共政權把鄭成功神話包裝成鼓吹忠孝節義的工具，並當作政權合法性的根源。
祁夫潤說：「神話不滅。就因為鄭成功打倒『洋鬼子』，讓鄭成功成為中國人以及一部分台灣人心目中的英雄。」中國共產黨崇奉鄭成功，特別強調鄭成功的中國國族主義以及戰勝荷蘭人的豐功偉業……然而鄭成功幾乎終其一生都在反抗中央集權的中國政府。埃勒門的書中寫道，中共解放軍正在研究鄭成功奪取台灣的戰術。
對中國而言，鄭成功只是中華文明壓倒西方的事蹟之一。至於台灣，並沒有效法鄭成功踏上驅逐洋人勢力的路線，台灣反而與西方國家愈走愈近，親美傾向尤其明顯。台灣要為這個美麗島努力開創出與鄭氏王朝截然不同的命運。
General Koxinga's claims to Taiwan were groundbreaking … and now everyone uses his legacy for their own ends.
Chinese general Koxinga landed in Taiwan in 1661, when it was known as Formosa and controlled by the Dutch East India Company. Historian Xing Hang describes him standing outside a Dutch fortress, shouting: "Taiwan belongs to the government of China!" Fast-forward 358 years to this January, when Chinese President Xi Jinping stood in Beijing's Great Hall of the People and proclaimed, "It's a legal fact that both sides of the [Taiwan] Strait belong to one China and cannot be changed by anyone or any force."
Xi has repeatedly vowed to reunite Taiwan with China and is rapidly building a military capable of delivering on that promise. The modern conflict over Taiwan is the legacy of a civil war between the Communist People's Republic of China (PRC), which today rules mainland China, and the nationalist Republic of China (ROC), which rules Taiwan and a few islands off the southeast coast of China. By some reckonings, that conflict began in 1949 when the ROC government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, fled to Taiwan with the intention of one day expelling the communists and unifying China.
But they were far from the first. In his forthcoming book, The Making of the Chinese Navy, Bruce Elleman argues that "Taiwan has repeatedly been used as a sanctuary for the losing side in Chinese civil wars." The story of the first such instance centers on Koxinga, a legendary ruler described in Chinese textbooks as a national hero for expelling Western powers from Taiwan.
In the mid-17th century, the Manchu invaded China from the north, defeating the Ming dynasty to establish the Qing dynasty. Loyalists of the old regime were forced to consider their dwindling options. Koxinga, or Zheng Chenggong, was a Ming loyalist with deep hatred for the Manchu invaders from the north, who had executed his father and driven his mother to suicide. Koxinga assembled a massive force to invade Taiwan, then only inhabited by the Dutch East India Company and aboriginal groups, with the intention of eventually restoring ethnic-Chinese control of China.
Despite being a Chinese nationalist, Koxinga himself was half-Japanese on his mother's side. He was born in Japan and spent much of his childhood there. His father came from a family of powerful pirates with connections throughout the Western Pacific. Arriving in Taiwan in 1661, Koxinga defeated and expelled the Dutch East India Company, an act for which he is revered today. When Koxinga, railing against the Dutch, claimed Taiwan had been Chinese territory since "ancient times," he was the first of many who would make that claim over the next three centuries.
Koxinga ultimately prevailed in what is regarded as China's first major victory against the West. Under his leadership, Taiwan — known as the Kingdom of Tungning — was a melting pot of Japanese, Chinese and aboriginal culture, with influxes of people from as far away as Africa.
It didn't last long: Koxinga died within a year of his invasion. Koxinga's son Zheng Jing inherited the kingdom, overseeing a major shift in its orientation. While Koxinga probably intended to expel the Manchu from China and unite Taiwan with the mainland, his son Zheng Jing sought coexistence with the Manchu government, hoping for a tributary relationship and a divided China. Still, when a rebellion broke out on the mainland, Zheng Jing shifted his attention back toward fighting the Manchu. In 1680, he lost and fled back to Taiwan, where he died shortly thereafter. A succession struggle broke out, and the kingdom's leaders faced pressure from the Qing to give up their kingdom on Taiwan. Barely putting up a fight, they shaved their heads in traditional Manchu fashion and surrendered.
Today, many see parallels between Koxinga's story and Gen. Chiang Kai-shek's retreat to Taiwan with his Kuomintang (KMT) party in 1949. "Both were beaten on the continent and on the run," says Jerome Keating, a retired professor at National Taipei University. "They both had inflated beliefs in their destiny to be the hero to restore China's greatness." Tonio Andrade, author of The Gunpowder Age, points out that the names of their capital cities reflected this belief. "The Zheng [Koxinga] regime called their capital the Eastern Ming Capital, making clear that they felt it was the only legitimate capital of all of China," says Andrade. "The KMT named Taipei the capital of the Republic of China, making clear that they thought of it as the only legitimate capital for China."
From the fall of Koxinga's kingdom until the present day, groups on both sides of the Taiwan Strait have jostled over Koxinga's legacy, appropriating his legend for political purposes. "The interesting thing is the rhetorical utility — the way actors in the present have seen narratives about Koxinga as politically useful or resonant," explains Michael Szonyi, director of the Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies at Harvard University. In 1950s Taiwan, Chiang Kai-Shek's anti-Communist regime used the Koxinga myth as a morale-boosting device and source of regime legitimacy, according to Szonyi.
"Myths die hard," says Keating. "The Chinese and some Taiwanese see Koxinga as a hero since he defeated the 'foreign devils.'" The mainland Chinese Community Party (CCP) embraces the general emphasizing his Chinese nationalism and victory against the Dutch … even though he spent most of his life opposing a centralized Chinese government. Koxinga's tactics for capturing Taiwan are currently being studied by the CCP's People's Liberation Army, Elleman says in his forthcoming book.
For China, the story of Koxinga is one of Chinese civilization prevailing against the West. But rather than expelling such powers, as Koxinga did, Taiwan today is growing closer to Western countries — particularly the U.S. — as it attempts to ensure a different fate for itself than that of Koxinga's kingdom.
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